Earth's Core Leaking Gold and Other Precious Metals

A groundbreaking study published in Nature on May 21, 2025, reveals that Earth's core is not as isolated as previously thought. Researchers from the University of Göttingen, including geochemists Nils Messling and Matthias Willbold, have discovered that precious metals such as gold and ruthenium are leaking from the core into the Earth's mantle and eventually reaching the surface through volcanic activity.

Evidence from Hawaiian Volcanic Rocks

The team analyzed basalt samples from Hawaii, a region formed by mantle plumes originating near the core-mantle boundary, approximately 2,900 kilometers beneath the surface. Using advanced isotopic analysis techniques, they detected unusually high concentrations of the ruthenium isotope ¹⁰⁰Ru in these rocks. This isotope is more abundant in Earth's core than in the mantle, indicating a core-derived origin for the material.

Implications for Earth's Geodynamics

This discovery challenges the long-held belief that Earth's core is geochemically isolated from the mantle. The presence of core-derived materials in surface rocks suggests a dynamic exchange between Earth's inner layers. The study estimates that hundreds of quadrillion metric tons of superheated mantle material rise from the core-mantle boundary to form ocean islands like Hawaii.

Broader Impact

The findings have significant implications for our understanding of Earth's formation and the distribution of precious metals. Over 99.999% of Earth's gold and other precious metals are believed to reside in the core, formed during the planet's early differentiation. The leakage of these metals to the surface provides insights into the planet's internal processes and the origin of accessible mineral deposits.

Future Research Directions

This study opens new avenues for research into Earth's internal dynamics and the mechanisms facilitating the transfer of materials from the core to the surface. Further investigations using isotopic tracers like ¹⁰⁰Ru could enhance our understanding of core-mantle interactions and the evolution of Earth's interior.